[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/a>[1]<\/a>Michael Brzoska,\u00a0Security sector reform in development donor perspective: origins, theory and practice<\/em>, Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF),\u00a0Occasional Paper 4<\/em>, Geneva, 2003, p. 13-14.<\/p>\n <\/a>Heiner H\u00e4nggi, \u201cConceptualising Security Sector Reform and Reconstruction\u201d, in: Alan Bryden and Heiner H\u00e4nggi,\u00a0Reform and Reconstruction of theSecurity Sector,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>DCAF,Geneva, 2004, pp. 3-20.<\/p>\n <\/a>[3]<\/a>\u00a0Ibid.<\/p>\n <\/a>[4]<\/a>Nicole Ball, \u00abThe Evolution of the Security Sector Reform Agenda\u00bb, in Mark Sedra (eds.),\u00a0The future of the security sector reform<\/em>, CIGI, 2010, p.30<\/p>\n <\/a>[5]<\/a>\u00a0OECD,\u00a0Security System Reform and Governance<\/em>; DAC Guidelines and Reference Series; 2005;\u00a0http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/dac\/incaf\/31785288.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[6]<\/a>Arnold Luethold, \u201cSecurity Sector Reform in the Arab Middle East: A Nascent Debate\u201d, in: Alan Bryden and Heiner H\u00e4nggi, Alan Bryden and Heiner H\u00e4nggi,\u00a0Reform and Reconstruction of theSecurity Sector,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>DCAF,Geneva, 2004, pp. 93-120.<\/p>\n <\/a>[7]<\/a>\u00a0Donald J. Planty, Security Sector Transformation in the Arab Awakening<\/em>,\u00a0USIP Special Reports<\/a>\u00a0317,September 2012, p.2<\/p>\n <\/a>[8]<\/a>See, The Arab Reform Initiative,\u00a0Workshop on reform of the police in Egypt: Issues and challenges,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>July 2012, p.2 ;\u00a0http:\/\/www.arab-reform.net\/workshop-reform-police-egypt-issues-and-challenges<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[9]<\/a>\u00a0J.-F. Daguzan,\u00a0Le Dernier rempart ? Forces arm\u00e9es et politiques de d\u00e9fense au Maghreb<\/em>, Paris, \u00e9ditions Publisud, 1998, pp. 21-49.<\/p>\n <\/a>[10]<\/a>\u00a0Between independence in 1962 until popular revolution of 1988, Algeria was ruled by FLN as one-party state.\u00a0 But, this party was acted on the basis of the Algerian army\u2019s identity and ideology. See Hugh Roberts,\u00a0Demilitarizing Algeria<\/em>, Carnegie Paper, N. 86, May 2007, p.5.<\/p>\n <\/a>[11]<\/a>Entelis, John P. \u2018Algeria: Technocratic Rule, Military Power\u2019. Political Elites in Arab North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, ed. William I. Zartman, Mark A. Tessler and John P. Entelis, London: Longman, 1982, p. 92\u2013143.<\/p>\n <\/a>[12]<\/a>\u00a0A. Guney& A.\u00a0 \u00c7elenk, \u00abThe European Union\u2019s Democracy Promotion Policies in Algeria: Success or Failure?\u00bb,\u00a0The Journal of North African Studies<\/em>, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2007, P. 110.<\/p>\n <\/a>[13]<\/a>\u00a0Fran\u00e7ois G\u00e8ze, \u00ab Arm\u00e9e et nation en Alg\u00e9rie : l\u2019irr\u00e9m\u00e9diable divorce ? \u00bb,\u00a0H\u00e9rodote<\/em>, vol. 1, n. 116, 2005, pp. 175-203<\/p>\n <\/a>[14]<\/a>\u00a0The Chadli period is significant for its political and economic liberalization process, namely the multiparty political system. (Entelis and Arone, 1994, p. 184).<\/p>\n <\/a>[15]<\/a>Lahouari Addi, \u00abArmy, State and Nation in Algeria\u00bb, In Kees Kooning and Dirk Kruijt,\u00a0Political Armies. The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy<\/em>, Zed books, New-York, February 2001, p. 162.<\/p>\n <\/a>[16]<\/a>\u00a0Ay\u015fe Asl\u0131han\u00c7elenk, \u00abPromoting democracy in Algeria: the EU factor and the preferences of the political elite\u00bb,\u00a0Democratization<\/em>, Vol. 16, No. 1, February 2009, p. 181.<\/p>\n <\/a>[17]<\/a>\u00a0Mustapha Mohamed, \u00ab<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>State, Security and Reform: The Case of Algeria\u00bb,\u00a0ARI Projects<\/em>, June 2012, 8p.<\/p>\n <\/a>[18]<\/a>AddiLahouari, \u00abAlgeria\u2019s Army,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Algeria\u2019s Agony\u00bb,\u00a0Foreign Affairs,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Vol. 77, No. 4, July-August 1998, p.53.<\/p>\n <\/a>[19]<\/a>Virginie Collombier, \u00ab<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>The Military and the Constitution: The Cases of Algeria, Pakistan and Turkey\u00bb ,\u00a0ARI Project<\/em>, June 2012, p.1<\/p>\n <\/a>[20]<\/a>Mustapha Mohamed, Op.cit., p.1.<\/p>\n <\/a>[21]<\/a>\u00a0Abdalla Saaf,\u00a0\u00ab<\/em>Democratic Governance of Security in Morocco\u00bb,\u00a0ARI Projects<\/em>, August 2012, p.2.<\/p>\n <\/a>[22]<\/a>\u00a0Samuel Huntington, The\u00a0<\/em>Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century<\/em>, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.<\/p>\n <\/a>[23]<\/a>\u00a0IER, \u20182005 Closing Report (Rapport Final<\/em>)\u2019, available at\u00a0www.ier.ma<\/a>\u00a0; the statute of the IER was published by Royal Dahir on 12 April 2004.<\/p>\n <\/a>[24]<\/a>\u00a0DCAF,\u00a0Security Sector Reform: in Light of the Recommendations of Morocco\u2019s Equity and Reconciliation Commission, 2009,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>http:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/Publications\/Security-Sector-Reform-in-Light-of-the-Recommendations-of-Morocco-s-Equity-and-Reconciliation-Commission<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[25]<\/a>Bassma Kodmani, \u00ab<\/strong>The Security Sector in Morocco and the Broader Reform Agenda\u00bb,\u00a0ARI Reports,<\/em>March 2009, p. 9;\u00a0http:\/\/www.arab-reform.net\/sites\/default\/files\/ARI_SS~1.PDF<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[26]<\/a>Hanspeter Mattes, \u00abMorocco: Reforms in the Security Sector But No \u2018SSR\u2019\u00bb, inHans Born and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.),\u00a0Security Sector Reform in Challenging Environments,<\/em>\u00a0Z\u00fcrich: Lit Verl. 2009, pp. 157-160.<\/p>\n <\/a>[27]<\/a>\u00a0Brahim Saidy, \u00abRelations civilo-militaires au Maroc\u00a0: le facteur international revisit\u00e9\u00bb,\u00a0Politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/em>,<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>n\u00b03, automne 2007, pp. 589-603.<\/p>\n <\/a>[28]<\/a>Bassma Kodmani, op.cit., p.2.<\/p>\n <\/a>[29]<\/a>See, Brahim Saidy, \u00ab\u00a0La structure constitutionnelle des relations civilo-militaires\u00a0au Maroc \u00bb, in Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes internationales (sous la dir.),\u00a0La constitution marocaine de 2011\u00a0: analyses et commentaires,<\/em>\u00a0Paris, L.G.D.J, 2012, pp. 139-170.<\/p>\n <\/a>[30]<\/a>\u00a0Brahim Saidy, \u00abRelations civilo-militaires au Maroc\u00a0: le facteur international revisit\u00e9\u00bb, op.cit., p.597<\/p>\n <\/a>[31]<\/a>\u00a0Ibid., pp. 599-600<\/p>\n <\/a>[32]<\/a>\u00a0Article 7 of the proposed act stated that \u00ab Military personnel in the Royal Armed Forces (FAR) who carry out orders received from their superiors in the chain of command in the framework of a military operation conducted at home in their mission shall not be questioned criminally and shall enjoy the protection of the state from exposure to threats, prosecution, attacks, abuse, slander or insult in the practice or performance of their duties or thereafter\u00bb.\u00a0 This article was amended to clarify that the military personnel enjoy the protection of the state, but they have not immunity from criminal accountability.<\/p>\n <\/a>[33]<\/a>Sharan Grewal, \u201cA Quiet Revolution: The Tunisian Military After Ben Ali,\u201d\u00a0Carnegie Endowment<\/em>, 24 February 2016, available at\u00a0https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/24\/quiet-revolution-tunisian-military-after-ben-ali-pub-62780<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/a>[34]<\/a>\u00a0L. B. Ware, \u2018The Role of the Tunisian Military in the Post-Bourgiba Era\u2019,\u00a0Middle East Journal<\/em>, vol. 39, no. 1, 1985, p.37; L. B. Ware,\u00a0Tunisia in the Post-Bourgiba Era. The Role ofthe Military in a Civil Arab Republic,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Maxwell: AL: Air University Press, 1986, p. 47.<\/p>\n <\/a>[35]<\/a>\u00a0Derek Lutterbeck, \u00abAfter the Fall: Security Sector Reform in post-Ben Ali Tunisia\u00bb, ARI Projects, September 2012 p.6.<\/p>\n <\/a>[36]<\/a>Brahim Saidy, \u00abThe Role of Military in Tunisian Democratic Transition\u00bb,\u00a0Al Jazeera Centre for Studies<\/em>, Qatar, March 2011, 7p.<\/p>\n <\/a>[37]<\/a>\u00a0See,\u00a0 Tunisia: Foreign Military Assistance,\u00a0http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/tunisia\/assistance.htm<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a>[38]<\/a>\u00a0Over the years, Ben \u2018Ali has dramatically expanded Tunisia\u2019s internal security apparatus.<\/p>\n <\/a>[39]<\/a>Eric Goldstein, \u00abDismantling the Machinery of Oppression \u00bb, The Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2011.<\/p>\n <\/a>[40]<\/a>Querine Hanlon<\/em>, \u00abSecurity Sector Reform<\/em>\u00a0in\u00a0Tunisia<\/em>. A\u00a0Year after<\/em>\u00a0the Jasmine\u00a0Revolution\u00bb,<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Special Report<\/em>, N. 304 March 2012, 16p.<\/p>\n <\/a>[41]<\/a>Paul Jackson, \u00abSSR and Post-Conflict Reconstruction: The Armed Wing of State Building?\u00bb, in Mark Sedra (eds.),\u00a0The future of the security sector reform<\/em>, op.cit., pp. 119-120.<\/p>\n <\/a>[42]<\/a>Matt Schroeder, \u201cMissing Missiles The Proliferation of Man-portable Air Defence Systems in North Africa\u201d,\u00a0Small Arms Survey Issue Briefs<\/em>, November 2, June 2015, p.4.<\/p>\n <\/a>[43]<\/a>\u00a0Moussa Grifa, \u00ab<\/em>The Libyan Revolution : Establishing a New Political System and The Transition to Statehood\u00bb,ARI Projects<\/em>, September 2012 p.1.<\/p>\n <\/a>[44]<\/a>\u00a0Alan Bryden & Heiner H\u00e4nggi, \u2018Reforming and Reconstructing the Security Sector\u2019, in Security Governance and Post-Conflict Peace building, (Munster; LIT, 2005), 34-35.<\/p>\n <\/a>[45]<\/a>\u00a0Christopher S. Chivvis, Keith Crane, Peter Mandaville and Jeffrey Martini,\u00a0Libya\u2019s Post-Qaddafi Transition. 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