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July 30, 2020 marks the 21st<\/sup> anniversary of King Mohammed VI\u2019s ascension to the Moroccan throne. Throughout his reign, several mega-projects, a foreign policy re-direction, and infrastructural change have boosted the kingdom\u2019s economy and set the stage for future international investment and cooperation. Yet, although some macro-economic and social indicators point to an improved socio-economic landscape, the country continues to suffer from deeply rooted socio-economic problems- including high unemployment rates, towering public debt, overreliance of a fickle agricultural sector, social inequality, and a persistent urban-rural divide. These problems, which have fueled discontent in recent years, will be exacerbated by the far-reaching economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and may lead to future contestation.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Since Mohammed VI\u2019s ascension to the throne in 1999, there has been significant improvement in terms of macro-economic indicators. Between 1999 and 2019, exports tripled,[1]<\/a> per capita income (constant dollars over time) increased from USD 1,963 to USD 3,361,[2]<\/a> and total unemployment decreased from 13.9 percent to 9 percent (see Figures 1 and 2).[3]<\/sup><\/a> Available poverty data show that, between 2000 and 2013, the poverty headcount ratio at the national poverty lines decreased from 15.3 percent to 4.8 percent.[4]<\/a> Furthermore, a strong revival of the tourism sector boosted the economy. Over the last two decades, the number of tourists visiting Morocco tripled (see Figure 3).[5]<\/a> In fact, from 2000 to 2018, the country recorded an average annual growth of 6 percent in tourism arrivals; this is two points higher than growth in global tourism.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 1: GDP Indices, 1999-2018<\/u><\/p>\n Source: World Bank, Morocco \u201cGDP per capita (current US$),\u201d and \u201cGDP (current US$ 10 Millions),\u201d retrieved on July 30, 2020, <\/em>https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD<\/em><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 2: Morocco National Unemployment Rate and Annual Change (1999-2020)<\/u><\/p>\n Source: World Bank Unemployment Data, accessed via Macro Trends, retrieved on July 30, 2020, <a href=’https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MAR\/morocco\/unemployment-rate’>Morocco Unemployment Rate 1991-2020<\/a>. www.macrotrends.net. <\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 3: Inbound Tourism and Expenditure, 1999-2017<\/u><\/p>\n Source: World Tourism Data, \u201cArrivals of non-resident tourists\/visitors” and “tourism expenditure,” Retrieved July 30, 2020, <\/em>http:\/\/data.un.org\/DocumentData.aspx?q=tourism&id=409#19<\/em><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n In terms of social indicators, between 1999 and 2019, primary school enrollment rate increased by over 27 points,[7]<\/a> and life expectancy increased by over eight years. [8]<\/a> Furthermore, massive infrastructural development took place as the regime pushed for mass electrification and moved to improve the country\u2019s motorway infrastructure. [9]<\/a> Between 1999 and 2016, the motorway network\u2019s length was extended from around 400 kilometers to 1,831 kilometers.[10]<\/a> This upgraded network gives 60 percent of the population (mostly in urban areas) direct access to the highway network;[11]<\/a> and it connects 18 airports and 37 commercial ports (13 of which are dedicated to foreign trade).[12]<\/a><\/p>\n Morocco\u2019s foreign policy re-direction[13]<\/sup><\/a> under the current king has benefited the economy as Mohammed VI diversified the kingdom\u2019s alliance base by rejoining the African Union (AU) in 2017 [14]<\/a> \u00a0and by improving relations with Europe.[15]<\/a> Indeed, over the last two decades, Morocco has preserved a strong relationship with the European Union (EU) which allowed it to receive EU bilateral aid and to maintain trade relations with Europe. The latter, Morocco\u2019s largest trading partner and donor, accounted for 59.4 percent of Morocco\u2019s trade in 2017- specifically, 64.6 percent of its exports and 56.5 percent of its imports (see Figure 4).[16]<\/a> At least 73 percent of Morocco\u2019s inward foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks in 2019 came from European countries.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 4: EU-Morocco Trade Flows and Balance (2008-2018)<\/u><\/p>\n Source: European Commission, \u201c European Union, Trade in goods with Morocco,\u201d<\/em> Retrieved July 30, 2020, <\/em>https:\/\/webgate.ec.europa.eu\/isdb_results\/factsheets\/country\/details_morocco_en.pdf<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Mohammed VI\u2019s move to champion greater Moroccan presence within the African continent also benefited Morocco\u2019s economy as it encouraged Moroccan companies to increase cooperation with sub-Saharan Africa in banking, telecommunications, insurance, and manufacturing. [18]<\/a> In fact, 85 percent of the kingdom\u2019s FDI went to sub-Saharan states in 2018.[19]<\/a> Trade with the continent increased by 68 percent between 2008 and 2018 (see Figure 5);[20]<\/a> and Moroccan exports to western Africa tripled during the same period.[21]<\/a> Furthermore, beyond boosting the kingdom\u2019s economy and diversifying its alliance base, Morocco\u2019s re-direction towards Africa enhanced the country\u2019s international standing, shored up its regional support, and benefited its relationship with the EU by opening up the possibility of Morocco-EU-African trade.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 5: Annual change in total trade volume with Morocco (%), 2008-18<\/u><\/p>\n Source: World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) Database, \u201cMorocco Import in thousand US$ all regions between 1993 and 2018,\u201d accessed June 26, 2020, https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\/Country\/MAR\/StartYear\/1993\/EndYear\/2018\/TradeFlow\/Import\/Partner\/BY-REGION\/Indicator\/MPRT-TRD-VL#; WITS Database, \u201cMorocco Export in thousand US$ all regions between 1993 and 2018,\u201d accessed June 26, 2020, <\/em>https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\/Country\/MAR\/StartYear\/1993\/EndYear\/2018\/TradeFlow\/Export\/Partner\/BY-REGION\/Indicator\/XPRT-TRD-VL<\/em><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Finally, Mohammed VI\u2019s reign saw the completion of two mega-projects: a solar complex and a high-speed train. The country\u2019s first mega solar power complex, Noor, will be the world\u2019s largest concentrated solar power plant,[22]<\/a> and will be able to power a city twice the size of Marrakech at peak capacity.[23]<\/a> It will eventually reduce Morocco\u2019s reliance on energy imports, the aim being for 42 percent of Morocco\u2019s electrical power to come from renewable sources by 2020 and 52 percent by 2030.[24]<\/a> Funded at around USD 9 billion,[25]<\/sup><\/a> most of Noor\u2019s phases are already on stream (and construction is underway for the final phase).[26]<\/a><\/p>\n The first phase of Morocco\u2019s high-speed rail service, Al Boraq, was inaugurated in November 2018. It currently spans close to 350 kilometers, connecting Casablanca and Tangier and reducing the travel time between them from five hours to two hours. The plan is for the high-speed rail service to extend to 1,500 kilometers throughout the country.[27]<\/a> By investing in such a high cost project (funded at USD 2 billion)[28]<\/a> the regime aims to attract greater investment and tourism inflow.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Despite these achievements, Morocco faces persistent socio-economic challenges. The country continues to suffer from towering public debt which reached USD 76.8 billion in 2019, which is 65.0 % of the country’s nominal GDP. [29]<\/a><\/sup> An oil and gas importer, Morocco imported 76.4 billion dirhams\u2019 worth of energy resources (around USD 8 billion)[30]<\/a> in 2019, which represented 15.6 percent of its total import bill and made it the largest energy importer in North Africa. Morocco\u2019s reliance on oil imports makes it vulnerable to oil\u2019s boom-and-bust cycle, pressuring its economy every time oil prices peak.<\/p>\n Morocco relies on unstable sectors- most notably agriculture and tourism- which makes it vulnerable to exogenous shocks such as weather conditions, global economic crises, pandemics etc. Indeed, the agricultural sector accounted for approximately 39 percent of total employment in 2018;[31]<\/sup><\/a> while the tourism sector represented 7 percent of the country\u2019s economic activity in 2019, generated USD 8 billion in foreign currency inflows, and employed around 750,000 people.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n Inequality remains a pressing issue due to the country\u2019s wide center-periphery wealth divide and the state\u2019s failure to close the gap between the highest and lowest socio-economic classes. With its Gini index standing at 40.9 percent in 2019- meaning it has barely improved since 1998-[33]<\/sup><\/a> Morocco is the North African country with the highest inequality score (excluding war-stricken Libya).[34]<\/a> In 2018, OXFAM reported that a Moroccan on minimum wage (MAD 2,570.86 or around USF 250 per month in 2018) would need over 150 years to earn as much as a billionaire does in one year, while the estimated wealth of three Moroccan billionaires 4.5 billion was more than that of 375,000 of the poorest Moroccans.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n Furthermore, while nearly a quarter of citizens are poor or at risk of poverty according to the World Bank,[36]<\/sup><\/a> Moroccans living in rural areas are more affected. Indeed, the rural population accounted for 79.4 percent of poor people in the country in 2018, twice as high as at the national level.[37]<\/a> Urban populations face economic hardship as well, especially urban youths who struggle with high levels of unemployment (see Figure 6). In 2019, Morocco\u2019s youth unemployment rate reached 22% nationally and 40.3% in urban areas.[38]<\/a> These numbers are even more significant when considering that 16.6 percent of the population consists of young people (ages 15 to 24).[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Figure 6: Morocco Youth Unemployment Rate and Annual Change (1999-2020)<\/u><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Source: World Bank Unemployment Data, accessed via Macro Trends, retrieved on July 30, 2020,<\/em> <a href=’https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MAR\/morocco\/youth-unemployment-rate’>Morocco Youth Unemployment Rate 1991-2020<\/a>. www.macrotrends.net.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Protests in recent years have been triggered, at least in part, by tough economic conditions, including the 2011 uprisings, the 2016-2018 Rif upheaval, protests in Jrada and Errachidia, and various scattered manifestations throughout 2019.[40]<\/a>This trend will likely continue. As economic hardship persists for marginalized communities and popular frustration grows due to persistent social inequality, discontent will increase, and protests will likely multiply. The economic fallout from the coronavirus pandemic (due to disrupted trade flows, reduced tourism, population lockdown, a potential European crisis, and increased public spending) will exacerbate the situation. Regional mobilization, such as the Hirak movement in neighboring Algeria and the protests movement in Lebanon, will embolden Moroccans to express dissent. The regime must act fast to reduce social inequality and improve the country\u2019s economic landscape in the long-term. Although high public debt and dependency on oil imports have limited available state funding, the regime still has several options available, including improving the tax collection system; spending less on mega-projects; and reforming the country\u2019s taxation policy. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n \u00a0Read more here: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/progress-and-missed-opportunities-morocco-enters-its-third-decade-under-king-mohammed-vi\/<\/a><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n [1]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cExports of goods and services (constant 2010 US$) – Morocco,\u201d accessed January 4, 2020, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NE.EXP.GNFS.KD?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [2]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cGDP per capita (constant 2010 US$) – Morocco,\u201d accessed January 4, 2020, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [3]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cUnemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – Morocco,\u201d accessed September 25, 2019, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [4]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cPoverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – Morocco,\u201d accessed September 25, 2019, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [5]<\/a> United Nations Data, \u201cArrivals of nonresident tourists\/visitors, departures and tourism expenditure in the country and in other countries,\u201d accessed May 4, 2020, http:\/\/data.un.org\/DocumentData.aspx?id=409<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2019\/01\/264155\/tourists-morocco\/<\/small><\/p>\n [7]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cAdjusted net enrolment rate, primary (% of primary school age children) – Morocco,\u201d accessed September 25, 2019, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SE.PRM.TENR?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [8]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cLife expectancy at birth, total (years) – Morocco,\u201d accessed September 25, 2019, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [9]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cAccess to electricity, rural (% of rural population), Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population),\u201d accessed September 30, 2019, https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG&country=#<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [10]<\/a> \u201cChiffres cl\u00e9s: Dates cl\u00e9s\u201d [Key figures: Key dates], Autoroutes du Maroc, accessed May 20, 2020, https:\/\/www.adm.co.ma\/adm\/Chiffres-cles\/Pages\/dates-cles.aspx<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Agence France-Presse, \u201c20 ans de r\u00e8gne. L\u2019analyse de 2 conseillers du roi et de 2 anciens ministres\u201d [20 years of reign. Analysis of two king\u2019s advisers and two former ministers], Les Inspirations \u00c9co<\/em>, July 31, 2019, https:\/\/leseco.ma\/20-ans-de-regne-l-analyse-de-2-conseillers-du-roi-et-de-2-anciens-ministres\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Ibid; Agence Ecofin, \u201cMaroc : 20 ans de r\u00e8gne de Mohammed VI en 10 chiffres cl\u00e9s\u201d [Morocco: 20 years of Mohammed VI\u2019s reign in 10 key figures], July 28, 2019, https:\/\/www.agenceecofin.com\/gouvernance\/2807-68234-maroc-20-ans-de-regne-de-mohammed-vi-en-10-chiffres-cles<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [13]<\/a> Mohamed Karim Boukhssass, \u201cYasmina Abouzzohour: al-Maghrib \u2018abbara biwuduh \u2019anahu la yumkin \u2019an yakuna tahta wisayati \u2019ahadin wa la yumkin \u2019ibtizazuhu limawaqifihi,\u201d [Morocco has clearly stated that it cannot be under the guardianship of anyone and cannot be blackmailed for its positions], Al Ayam<\/em> no. 840 (February 14\u201320, 2019), https:\/\/mipa.institute\/6525<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [14]<\/a> Nizar Manek, \u201cMorocco Rejoins African Union Three Decades After Withdrawal,\u201d Bloomberg<\/em>, January 31, 2017, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2017-01-31\/morocco-rejoins-african-union-three-decades-after-withdrawal<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [15]<\/a> Yasmina Abouzzohour and Beatriz Tom\u00e9-Alonso, \u201cMoroccan foreign policy after the Arab Spring: a turn for the Islamists or persistence of royal leadership?,\u201d The Journal of North African Studies<\/em> 24, no. 3 (2019): 444\u201367, https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13629387.2018.1454652<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [16]<\/a> \u201cMorocco Trade Picture,\u201d European Commission, accessed May 21, 2020, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/trade\/policy\/countries-and-regions\/countries\/morocco\/index_en.htm<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Author\u2019s calculations based on data from \u201cRecettes des investissements directs \u00e9trangers au Maroc: Repartition par pays et organisme financier\u201d [Receipts from foreign direct investments in Morocco: Breakdown by country and financial institution], Office des Changes, accessed June 26, 2020, https:\/\/www.oc.gov.ma\/fr\/etudes-et-statistiques\/series-statistiques<\/a>. The countries included in the author\u2019s calculations are the following: Ireland, France, Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Malta, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Poland, Austria, Norway, and Sweden.<\/small><\/p>\n [18]<\/a> \u201cHM the King Delivers Speech to Nation on 44th Anniversary of Green March,\u201d Agence Marocaine de Presse, accessed May 20, 2020, http:\/\/www.mapnews.ma\/en\/discours-messages-sm-le-roi\/hm-king-delivers-speech-nation-44th-anniversary-green-march<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [19]<\/a> \u201cBanking on ECOWAS: Why Morocco is cosying up to sub-Saharan Africa,\u201d The Economist, <\/em>July 19, 2018, https:\/\/www.economist.com\/middle-east-and-africa\/2018\/07\/19\/why-morocco-is-cosying-up-to-sub-Saharan-africa<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [20]<\/a> \u201cMoroccan-Sub-Saharan Trade Increased by 9.1% in 2016: Foreign Exchange Office,\u201d Morocco World News<\/em>, July 15, 2017, https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2017\/07\/223214\/moroccan-sub-Saharan-trade-increased-by-9-1-in-2016-foreign-exchange-office\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [21]<\/a> \u201cBanking on ECOWAS.\u201d<\/small><\/p>\n [22]<\/a> Tarik Bouhal et al., \u201cTechnical feasibility of a sustainable Concentrated Solar Power in Morocco through an energy analysis,\u201d Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews<\/em> 81, no. 1 (January 2018): 1087\u201395, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.056<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [23]<\/a> \u201cMorocco Reaps Benefits of King\u2019s Energy Farsightedness,\u201d The<\/em> North Africa Post, <\/em>July 16, 2019, https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/32543-morocco-reaps-benefits-of-kings-energy-farsightedness.html<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [24]<\/a> The World Bank, \u201cImplementation Completion and Results Report on a Loan in the Amount of US$200 Million, Loan Number 80880-MA, and a Clean Technology Fund Loan in the Amount of US$97 Million, Loan Number TF010916, to the Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy for the Ouarzazate Concentrated Solar Power Project ( P122028 ),\u201d Report No. ICR00004271, March 31, 2018, http:\/\/documents.banquemondiale.org\/curated\/fr\/503371525382384008\/pdf\/ICR4271-PUBLIC-3-29-18.pdf<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [25]<\/a> Hamza Hamouchene, \u201cThe Ouarzazate solar plant in Morocco: Triumphal \u2018Green\u2019 capitalism and the privatization of nature,\u201d Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt, March 25, 2016, https:\/\/www.cadtm.org\/The-Ouarzazate-solar-plant-in<\/a>; Reuters, \u201cVast Moroccan Solar Power Plant is Hard Act for Africa to Follow,\u201d Fortune, November 5, 2016, https:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/11\/05\/moroccan-solar-plant-africa\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [26]<\/a> \u201cNoor Ouarzazate Solar Complex,\u201d Power Technology, accessed April 28, 2020, https:\/\/www.power-technology.com\/projects\/noor-ouarzazate-solar-complex\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [27]<\/a> \u201cLa LGV en chiffres\u201d [The high-speed rail in numbers], Lib\u00e9ration<\/em>, November 16, 2018, https:\/\/www.libe.ma\/La-LGV-en-chiffres_a103324.html<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [28]<\/a> Ahlam Ben Saga, \u201cPolitician Omar Balafrej Says LGV Train is Not a Priority for Morocco,\u201d Morocco World News<\/em>, November 15, 2018, https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2018\/11\/257768\/omar-balafrej-lgv-train-not-priority-morocco\/<\/a>; David W. Smith, \u201cMorocco\u2019s \u20ac1.8 billion TGV project splits opinion,\u201d Construction Shows<\/em>, October 31, 2011, https:\/\/www.constructionshows.com\/moroccos-e1-8-billion-tgv-project-splits-opinion\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [29]<\/a> \u201cMorocco Government Debt: % of GDP,\u201d CEIC Data, accessed December 16, 2019, https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/indicator\/morocco\/government-debt–of-nominal-gdp<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [30]<\/a> Youssef Boudlal, \u201cMorocco\u2019s trade deficit widens by 1.5% in 2019,\u201d Reuters, <\/em>February 5, 2020, https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/articles\/moroccos-trade-deficit-widens-by-1.5-in-2019-2020-02-05<\/a><\/small><\/p>\n [31]<\/a> Danish Trade Union Development Agency, \u201cLabour Market Profile 2018: Morocco,\u201d Labour Market Profile, January 2018, https:\/\/www.ulandssekretariatet.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Marocco_lmp_2018.pdf<\/a>; \u201cThe World Factbook – Morocco,\u201d Central Intelligence Agency, accessed May 5, 2020, https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/mo.html<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [32]<\/a>Ahmed Eljechtimi, \u201cMorocco hopes to boost domestic tourism to save key sector,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, May 13, 2020, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-morocco-tourism\/morocco-hopes-to-boost-domestic-tourism-to-save-key-sector-idUSKBN22P2Q8<\/a>; Yahia Hatim, \u201cNearly 13 Million Tourists Visited Morocco in 2019,\u201d Morocco World News<\/em>, February 3, 2020, https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2020\/02\/292688\/nearly-13-million-tourists-visited-morocco-in-2019\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [33]<\/a> The Gini index measures the distribution of income across income percentiles in a population. A higher score indicates greater inequality. \u201cGini Coefficient by Country 2020,\u201d World Population Review, accessed May 20, 2020, http:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/gini-coefficient-by-country\/<\/a>; World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cGINI index (World Bank estimate) – Morocco,\u201d accessed May 21, 2020, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MA<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [34]<\/a> \u201cGini Coefficient by Country 2020.\u201d<\/small><\/p>\n [35]<\/a> \u201cUn Maroc \u00e9galitaire, une taxation juste.\u201d OXFAM Reports, <\/em>April 29, 2019, https:\/\/www.oxfamfrance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Rapport-Oxfam-2019-Un-Maroc-\u00e9galitaire_une-taxation-juste.pdf<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [36]<\/a> Marie Anne Chambonnier, \u201cMacro Poverty Outlook: Morocco,\u201d The World Bank, 2019, http:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/234641554825526725\/mpo-mar<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [37]<\/a> The World Bank, \u201cMorocco Digital and Climate Smart Agriculture Program (P170419): Program Information Document (PID),\u201d Report No. PIDC190843, July 28, 2019, http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/648291567624827368\/pdf\/Concept-Stage-Program-Information-Document-PID-Morocco-Digital-and-Climate-Smart-Agriculture-Program-P170419.pdf<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [38]<\/a> World Bank Statistical Database, \u201cUnemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate) – Morocco,\u201d https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SL.UEM.1524.ZS&country=MAR<\/a>; Katya Schwenk, \u201cDespite Accelerated Growth, Unemployment Persists in Morocco,\u201d Morocco World News<\/em>, June 5, 2019, https:\/\/www.moroccoworldnews.com\/2019\/06\/275140\/acceleration-growth-unemployment-morocco-industries\/<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n [39]<\/a> \u201cThe World Factbook – Morocco.\u201d<\/small><\/p>\n [40]<\/a> Ahmed Eljechtimi, \u201cMoroccan economy falls short of meeting social demands, central bank says,\u201d Reuters<\/em>, July 29, 2019, https:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/commoditiesNews\/idAFL8N24U5L6<\/a>; \u201cMorocco: Hundreds of teachers protest in demand for higher wages,\u201d Middle East Monitor<\/em>, October 7, 2019, https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20191007-morocco-hundreds-of-teachers-protest-in-demand-for-higher-wages\/<\/a>; Reuters, \u201cThousands of Moroccan teachers protest over pay,\u201d France 24<\/em>, March 24, 2019, https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20190324-thousands-moroccan-teachers-protest-over-pay-rabat-education<\/a>; \u201cMoroccan police crack down on protesting teachers,\u201d Al Jazeera<\/em>, February 20, 2019, https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2019\/02\/moroccan-police-crack-protesting-teachers-190220173941088.html<\/a>.<\/small>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Despite 21 years of socio-economic achievements, deeply-rooted challenges persist in Morocco<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":8018,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[],"coauthors":[1729],"class_list":["post-8009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-democratic-transition"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8009"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8009\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8009"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcoauthors&post=8009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Achievements<\/span><\/h5>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-1-1.png\")
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-2-1.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-3-1.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-4.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-5.png\")
<\/p>\nChallenges<\/span><\/h5>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/mipa.institute\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Picture-6.png\")
<\/p>\nConclusion<\/span><\/h5>\n
Endnotes<\/span><\/h5>\n